By V. E. K. Madhushani, Jadetimes News
New Insights into Marine Mammal Communication
Researchers studying sperm whale communication have unveiled complex structures analogous to human language.
In the profound depths of the midnight zone, a majestic ocean dweller bears the marks of the giant squid it pursues. With echolocation piercing the water column, it emits rapid clicks before engaging its prey.
Yet, the mechanics of how sperm whales capture squid, like many facets of their existence, remain elusive. "They're slow swimmers," notes Kirsten Young, a marine scientist at the University of Exeter. "Squid, on the other hand, are fast. How do sperm whales manage to catch them at just 3 knots (5.5 km/h or 3.5 mph)? Do they stun them with vocalizations? There are so many unknowns," she reflects.
Sperm whales pose significant challenges for study, spending much of their lives in deep, lightless waters, diving over 3 km (10,000 ft) deep and holding their breath for up to two hours. "At 1000 m (3300 ft) deep, they often swim in unison over several kilometers, communicating constantly through clicks," Young explains. After this communal foraging, they synchronize their ascent to the surface for rest, spending brief periods together before diving once more.
Young underscores the difficulty researchers face in observing these behaviors, as sperm whales spend minimal time at the surface. This limits insight into their complex lives, leaving many aspects obscured from study.
Sperm whales, evolving from land based ancestors around 47 million years ago, have adapted uniquely to oceanic life. David Gruber, founder of the Cetacean Translation Initiative (Ceti) at the City University of New York, emphasizes the challenge of comprehending their communication beyond shared mammalian experiences like eating or sleeping. "Understanding areas where our worlds diverge is the true frontier," he asserts.
Advances in technology now allow researchers to delve deeper into animal communication complexities. Ceti researchers, leveraging artificial intelligence, have decoded a "sperm whale phonetic alphabet." Initially thought to have 21 codas, analysis of nearly 9,000 recordings revealed 156 distinct types, each comprising rhythmic sequences of clicks akin to phonemes in human language.
Pratyusha Sharma, lead author of the study from MIT, highlights the nuanced variations identified by AI in sperm whale vocalizations. These include changes in tempo, akin to musical rubato, and additional clicks for emphasis, suggesting a depth of communication richer than previously thought.
The ability of sperm whales to combine these phonetic units into a variety of sequences hints at a sophisticated communication system. While not yet demonstrating "duality of patterning" akin to human language, the findings suggest a capacity for complex message construction.
Gruber tempers expectations, noting the preliminary nature of their understanding. "We're just beginning to grasp the intricacies of how sperm whales communicate and what these communications mean to them," he cautions. "Artificial intelligence is a crucial tool in this exploration."
However, concerns persist among experts about anthropocentric biases in interpreting animal communication. Viewing these phenomena solely through human language frameworks risks oversimplification and misunderstanding.
In essence, the study of sperm whale communication represents a frontier in understanding non human intelligence, underscored by the ongoing revelations brought forth by technological advancements and diligent observation.
