How Can Astronauts Call for Help from the Moon?

Chethana Janith, Jadetimes Staff

C. Janith is a Jadetimes news reporter covering science and geopolitics.

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Image Source: NASA

Exploring the Moon poses significant risks, with its extreme environment and hazardous terrain presenting numerous challenges. In the event of a major accident, assistance might take days or even weeks to arrive. To address this, Australian researchers have created a distress alert system based upon the COSPAS-SARSAT technology used for Earth-based search and rescue operations. It relies on low-power emergency beacons that astronauts could activate with minimal setup and use a planned lunar satellite network for communication and rescue coordination.

Fortunately I have never had to raise a distress call. I can imagine it though, somewhere remote, some sort of accident perhaps and need to summon assistance. Even on Earth, most mobile phone systems will be able to use a satellite signal to get a message out even if no cell signal. It’s not so easy on the Moon. Even communication is delayed by just over a second but if someone needs to come and help, then you are really in trouble. That’s what the team from Australia identified and have addressed in their paper published in October 2024.

Aldrin on the Moon. Astronaut Buzz Aldrin walks on the surface of the moon near the leg of the lunar module Eagle during the Apollo 11 mission. Mission commander Neil Armstrong took this photograph with a 70mm lunar surface camera. While astronauts Armstrong and Aldrin explored the Sea of Tranquility region of the moon, astronaut Michael Collins remained with the command and service modules in lunar orbit. Image Source: NASA

As part of NASA’s Artemis program (which aims to create a sustained human presence on the Moon) astronauts will face significant dangers in isolated regions such as the lunar south pole. To address these challenges, researchers at the University of South Australia (UniSA) have been leading a project focused on developing an emergency response system. It’s designed to deliver critical safety warnings, enable incident reporting, and track the locations of astronauts that may be in trouble.

NASA’s Space Launch System rocket carrying the Orion spacecraft launches on the Artemis I flight test, Wednesday, Nov. 16, 2022, from Launch Complex 39B at NASA’s Kennedy Space Center in Florida. Image Source: (NASA/Joel Kowsky)

The Artemis program is the focus of returning humans to the Moon. If successful it will mark the first crewed lunar missions since the days of the Apollo missions. With a focus on exploration and scientific discovery, Artemis aims to land astronauts, including the first woman and the first person of colour, on the Moon’s surface in 2025.

Scientists from Adelaide and the United States are collaborating to develop a satellite constellation – like those launched by SpaceX but on a smaller scale – dedicated to improving communication and navigation on the Moon. The system will allow astronauts to transmit emergency alerts to a network of satellites which will then forward the data to Earth or nearby lunar stations.

Founder of Safety from Space and adjunct researcher Dr Mark Rice explains that the system can provide continuous communication with astronauts for up to 10 hours! Even if they are in mountainous or heavily cratered terrain, the system will perform well. The group Safety from Space was formed in 2018 and has been awarded $100,000 from the Government to help with lunar search and rescue (LSAR) initiatives. The trial aims to provide astronauts with a lighter, more reliable radio beacon with a much longer battery life.

If successful, the solution could enable significant Australian contributions to the Artemis program. It could even help to improve emergency communications here on Earth, especially in areas where mobile phone signals are not reliable.