Iruni Kalupahana, JadeTimes Staff
I. Kalupahana is a Jadetimes news reporter covering Europe
A Glance at Lithuania's Past
Lithuania has a fascinating and eventful history that dates back over a thousand years. It was initially familiar to historians in written records in 1009 AD and later developed into a powerful empire in the 14th century under Grand Duke Gediminas. In the 15th century, the Grand Duchy of Lithuania was the largest state in Europe, from the Black Sea to the Baltic Sea. The establishment of the Polish Lithuanian Commonwealth in 1569 gave rise to one of the most influential European powers, which was famous for its progressive political system that included a form of democracy in the guise of the Sejm (parliament). However, the Commonwealth was ultimately partitioned by regional powers, leading to the annexation of Lithuania by the Russian Empire in 1795. The country regained independence for a short time between 1918 and 1940 before being occupied by Nazi Germany and later coerced into the Soviet Union. On March 11, 1990, Lithuania proclaimed itself the first Soviet republic to gain independence, setting a precedent for the dissolution of the USSR.
Natural Beauty
Lithuania is 65,300 square kilometers in area, the largest of the three Baltic states. The country's geography ranges from lowland plains to rolling hills and more than 6,000 lakes. The most striking natural attraction is the Curonian Spit, a 98 km long sand dune peninsula that separates the Curonian Lagoon from the Baltic Sea. The Nemunas River, the longest river in Lithuania, plays a significant role in the economy and ecosystem of the country. The country boasts five national parks, including Aukstaitija National Park, renowned for its dense forests and lakes. To everyone's surprise, in 1989, the French National Geographic Institute announced that Lithuania was the geographical center of Europe, using the geographical coordinates of the continent.
A Continental Climate
The climate of Lithuania is influenced by both the Atlantic Ocean and the vast Eurasian continent and thus has highly contrasting seasons. Winters can be harsh, with temperatures dropping to -20°C (-4°F) in certain areas, but summers are relatively warm, at an average of 17–23°C (63–73°F). The coastal resort town of Klaipėda experiences milder winters due to the moderating effects of the Baltic Sea. Rainfall is well distributed over the year, with precipitation between 600 and 850 mm annually. The country also experiences frequent weather changes due to the meeting of the maritime and continental air masses.
Dense Flora and Fauna
Approximately 33% of Lithuania's land is covered in forests, and it is ranked among the greenest countries in Europe. The forests of the country are home to a wide variety of trees like pine, spruce, oak, and birch. Marshes and wetlands throughout the country are home to diverse biodiversity, including special species like the European bison, which has been successfully reintroduced in Lithuanian nature reserves. The white stork (Ciconia ciconia) is the national bird of Lithuania, symbolizing prosperity and good luck, and the nation has one of the highest stork densities in the whole world. Lithuania also has approximately 70 mammal species, including wolves, lynxes, and beavers. There has been increased conservation in recent years, ensuring the protection of natural habitats and endangered species.
Culture, Heritage, and Traditions
The culture of Lithuania is a mix of ancient Baltic traditions, European, and Christian customs. The Lithuanian language, one of the oldest and most archaic Indo-European languages still spoken today, has preserved qualities lost in most modern day languages. Folk culture plays a significant role in Lithuanian life, traditional songs such as sutartines ancient polyphonic songs being placed on UNESCO's list of intangible cultural heritage of humanity. Traditional celebrations such as Užgavenes, the pre Lent carnival, and Jonines (Midsummer Festival) confirm the country's long established pagan traditions. Lithuania's capital city, Vilnius, is a UNESCO outstanding Baroque architecture city, including the famous Gediminas' Tower and St. Anne's Church, so much loved by Napoleon Bonaparte that he supposedly wished to send it to France.
Economy and Trade
Lithuania has developed from a Soviet economy to being one of Europe's fastest growing economies. It became a member of the European Union (EU) and NATO in 2004, and in 2015, it adopted the euro currency. The economy is industrial and service based, with main industries being biotechnology, IT, fintech, and laser technology some of the world's most advanced laser systems are produced in Lithuania. Its economy is also heavily reliant on agriculture, as it is one of Europe's leaders in organic food and dairy output. Its trade and logistics centre is the largest ice free Baltic seaport, Klaipeda Port, which serves to be an active hub. It trades primarily with Germany, Poland, Latvia, and the Netherlands.
Historic Sites
Lithuania has turned into one of the world's leading destinations for history, culture, and nature. Vilnius, with its magical Old Town and lively bohemian atmosphere, is a top attraction. Trakai Castle, which overlooks Lake Galve from an island, is a stunning medieval fortress that used to be a residence for Grand Dukes of Lithuania. The Hill of Crosses, with over 100,000 crosses, is a symbol of Lithuania's devotion and resilience. Next is the UNESCO World Heritage Site Kernave Archaeological Site, popularly known as the "Troy of Lithuania," that takes the history of the nation back into the fog of ages. For all those who have their hearts in nature, the dynamic sand dunes and villages of Curonian Spit are the epitome of a unique coasting experience. The Druskininkai spa resort, famous for its mineral water, has been a spa and wellness haven since the 18th century.
A Country Looking Ahead
Despite its chequered past, Lithuania is a forward thinking, sustainable country looking ahead. It has become Europe's tech hotspot, and its capital, Vilnius, has been hailed as the "Fintech Capital of Europe" due to its vibrant startup scene. The nation is also investing heavily in green energy with a goal of producing 100% of its electricity from renewable sources by 2050. Education is also a focus for the country, and Lithuania is one of the top in Europe for literacy and higher education enrollment. Lithuania is also a full member of the European Space Agency and is contributing greatly to satellite technology and space exploration. The country continues to adopt digitalization, with its e-governance systems putting it among the region's most technologically advanced nations. A rich heritage coupled with an enterprising spirit, Lithuania is an exemplary blend of tradition and innovation, looking to a bright and sustainable future.
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